Volatility Laundering: Public Pension Funds and the Affect of NAV Changes

Are public pension funds really delivering the returns they declare? The hole between personal asset web asset values (NAVs) and their actual market worth, a phenomenon referred to as volatility laundering, reveals important implications for institutional buyers. With personal property typically overstated by as a lot as 12%, public pension funds might face higher underperformance than reported. This publish explores how the apply of volatility laundering distorts returns and why transparency in personal asset valuation is extra crucial than ever for public pension funds in the USA.

State of Play

By conference, personal property like unlisted actual property and personal fairness are carried at their NAV within the valuation of institutional funds and within the calculation of their charges of return. NAV is a determine arrived at by the final companions (GPs) of personal asset funds and reviewed by their accountants.[1]

Lately, a niche opened between private-asset values within the secondary market and their NAVs. The hole persists right now.[2] {The marketplace} is telling us that these personal property usually are not value what the GPs and their accountants say they’re value. Cliff Asness coined the time period volatility laundering to explain the apply of not marking personal property to market.

Public Fund Efficiency with Reported Returns

I acquired charges of return for a pattern of fifty giant US public pension funds for the 16 fiscal years ended June 30, 2024. The sources are the Middle for Retirement Analysis at Boston Faculty (CRR) and the funds’ annual studies. I included solely funds reporting returns web of charges.

I then created an equal-weighted composite of fund returns and developed a Market Index to judge the efficiency of the composite. The Market Index has the identical efficient stock-and-bond market exposures and the identical danger (normal deviation of complete return) because the composite. The Market Index blends returns of US- and non-US inventory indexes with these of an investment-grade US bond index to type a single, hybrid index.[3]

The composite has an annualized return of 6.88% for the 16 years, and the Market Index return is 7.84%. The distinction between the 2 sequence, or annual extra return (ER), is -0.96%. See Exhibit 1.

Exhibit 1. Historic Returns Fiscal Years 2009 to 2024.

Secondary Market Pricing

In fiscal yr 2022, an unusually giant hole — 950 foundation factors (bps) — between the general public fund composite return and that of the Market Index appeared. The common ER within the prior 13 years was simply -1.2%. See Exhibit 1. Inventory and bond markets skilled a pointy decline late in fiscal yr 2022.

NAVs reported by GPs of personal asset partnerships, nonetheless, sometimes lag public market reporting by 1 / 4 or extra. The lag in reporting NAVs produced giant optimistic returns for personal property in fiscal yr 2022, regardless of the sell-off in shares and bonds. This unleashed a sequence of NAV changes by fund managers within the years following to carry marks into conformance with market realities. (See fiscal years 2023 and 2024 in Exhibit 1.)

{The marketplace}, nonetheless, believes the GPs and their accountants have extra work to do in marking personal property to market. This statement relies on information from the secondary marketplace for personal asset transactions. The information in Exhibit 2 had been compiled by Jeffries’s Personal Capital Advisory unit. Exhibit 2 summarizes the reductions from NAV for varied classes of personal property throughout the first half of 2024.

Exhibit 2. NAV Reductions for Personal Property.

Supply: Jeffries Personal Capital Advisory

Within the evaluation that follows, I incorporate the general low cost of 12% for personal asset transactions within the first half of 2024 in estimating pension fund returns that mirror truthful market pricing.

The Middle for Retirement Analysis studies that public funds allotted a mean of 24% to personal property (personal fairness and actual property, solely) by way of fiscal yr 2022. I multiply the personal asset proportion of 24% by the typical NAV low cost of 0.12, which produces a determine of two.9%. Assuming Jeffries’s total low cost applies, this means that the funds, within the combination, had been over-valued by roughly 3% relative to the market.

I apply this adjustment to the surplus return determine of -0.96%. I do that by dividing 3% by 16 (years), producing a 0.2% (18 bps, to be exact) haircut to extra return. (If we unfold the haircut over the latest 10 years, it quantities to 0.3% per yr. The interval chosen for making use of the haircut is bigoted. This leads to an adjusted extra return (AER) of -1.14% per yr since fiscal yr 2009. See Exhibit 3. The calculations are tough and prepared however ok to get the thought throughout.

Exhibit 3. Recap of Calculation of Adjusted Extra Return.

Key Takeaway

Public pension funds have underperformed a public market index by roughly one proportion level per yr for the reason that World Monetary Disaster. I attribute this to their excessive price of operation and inefficient diversification.

Volatility laundering — the apply of not marking personal property to market — obscures one other dimension of financial underperformance of those funds. Had been public funds to mark personal property to market, it might carry a few two- or three-tenths of a proportion level per yr worsening of their long-term efficiency — successful they’ll sick afford.

[1] ASC 820, adopted by FASB in 2008, offers steering on truthful market valuation of personal property.

[2] Jeffries studies reductions for a basket of personal property traded within the secondary market fluctuated between 8% and 19% between 2018 and 2024.

[3] The Market Index includes the Russell 3000 inventory index (52%), MSCI ACWI ex-US shares (19%), and Bloomberg US Combination bond index (29%). The R² of the general public fund composite with the Market Index is 99.3% for the 13 years ended June 30, 2021, with a wee monitoring error of 1.0%.